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n N 






REFLECTIONS 


OS THE CAUSES THAT BSD 

TO THE FORMATION 

Of 



' <=' 266 ' 
/ € ^cX 


THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY* 


WITH A VIEW Or ITS 

PROBABLE RESULTS: 


UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADS! 

THE INCREASE OF THE COLOURED POPULATION. 

THE ORIGIN OF THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 

THE MANUMISSION OF SLAVES IN THIS COUNTRY. 

THS DECLARATIONS OF LEGISLATURES, AND OTHER ASSEMBLED BODIES, IN FAVOUR OF THE 

SOCIETY. 

THE SITUATION OF THE COLONISTS AT MONROVIA AND OTHER TOWN*, ' 

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF THE SETTLERS. 

TIIE SOIL AND CLIMATE OF LIBERIA. 

ITS PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE. 

TUB ADVANTAGES TO THE FREE COLOURED POPULATION BY EMIGRATION TO LIBERIA. 

S the CHARACTER OF THE NATIVES OF AFRICA, BEFORE THE IRRUPTION OF THE BARBARIAN*. 
THE EFFECTS OF THE COLONIZATION ON THE SLAVE TRADE—WITH A SLIGHT SKETCH OV 

THAT NEFARIOUS AND ACCURSED TRAFFIC. 



\ 

K . 

“Is a nation like this to be embarrassed by an annual appropriation of little more than 
a million of dollars to the cause of humanity? a nation that can extinguish in a year 
twelve millions of national debt, and at the same time prosecute with vigour its majestic 
plans of defence and internal improvement. ? a nation, one of whose states can hazard 
six millions of dollars on the project of opening a canal—a nation, whose canvass whitens 
-erv sea, and proudly enters almost every’ harbour of the globe?—a nation, whose vil- 
S and cities are rising, as by magic, over a fertile territory of two millions of square 
—a nation, destined within tire compass of the passing century to embosom a 
"Dulation of eighty millions ? With the past smiles of Divine Providence, our 
bt will be soon annihilated. And from that glad hour, let the government 
•ally for all its necessary operations—let it push forward in its splendid ma- 
tlcal improvement, and then give to our cause but the surplus of its rev- 
u*ds the expense of transportation, it will furnish the means of granting 
'le among us, a happy home in. the land of his fathers, within the.com- 
*tev. B. Dickenson. 



BIT M. CAR 13 Y. 


HILADELPHIA : 

V W M. f . OKDDEL 


\ 




32 . 










REFLECTIONS 

ON THE CAUSES THAT LED 

TO THE FORMATION 


OP 

THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY: 


WITH A VIEW OF ITS 

PROBABLE RESULTS: 


UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADS: 

THE INCREASE OF THE COLOURED POPULATION. 

THE ORIGIN OF THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 

THE MANUMISSION OF SLAVES IN THIS COUNTRY. 

THE DECLARATIONS OF LEGISLATURES, AND OTHER ASSEMBLED BODIES, IN FAVOUR OF THE 

SOCIETY. 

THE SITUATION OF THE COLONISTS AT MONROVIA AND OTHER TOWNS. 

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF THE'SETTLERS. 

THE SOIL AND CLIMATE OF LIBERIA. 

ITS PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE. 

THE ADVANTAGES TO THE FREE COLOURED POPULATION BY EMIGRATION TO LIBERIA. 

THE CHARACTER OF THE NATIVES OF AFRICA, BEFORE 'THE IRRUPTION OF THE BARBARIANS. 
THE EFFECTS OF THE COLONIZATION ON THE SLAVE TRADE—WITH A SLIGHT SKETCH OF 

THAT NEF^IlIOUS AND ACCURSED TRAFFIC./' 


“ Is a nation like this to be embarrassed by an annual appropriation of little more than 
a million of dollars to the cause of humanity? a nation that can extinguish in a year 
twelve millions of national debt, and at the same time prosecute with vigour its majestic 
plans of defence and internal improvement ? a nation, one of whose states can hazard 
six millions of dollars on the project of opening a canal—a nation, whose canvass whitens 
every sea, and proudly enters almost every harbour of the globe?—a nation, whose vil¬ 
lages and cities are rising, as by magic, over a fertile territory of two millions of square 
miles:—a nation, destined within the compass of the passing century to embosom a 
white population of eighty millions ? With the past smiles of Divine Providence, our 
national debt will be soon annihilated. And from that glad hour, let the government 
provide liberally for all its necessary operations—let it push forward in its splendid ma¬ 
chinery of political improvement, and then give to our cause but the surplus of its rev¬ 
enue: and as regards the expense of transportation, it will furnish the means of granting 
to every African exile among us, a happy home in the land of his fathers, within the com¬ 
pass of six years*” —Rev. B. Dickinson. 



BIT m. CAEEY. 

— 

ft 

PHILADELPHIA: U 

PRINTED BY W M. F • GEDDES. 

1832. 


(GRATUITOUS.) 





^f^. p ' 






e? 

^7 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

This publication has been produced by a conviction,, that even among’ 
those enlightened and opulent citizens who have expressed the warmest 
approbation of the system of colonization, it has not met with a degree 
of support in any degree commensurate with the beneficial conse¬ 
quences which, if properly countenanced, it cannot fail to produce. 
How, otherwise, can we account for the astounding fact, that in ten 
years, since 1821, when the first expedition was fitted out, it has received 
but about 110,000 dollars, from a population of 13,000,000, the most 
prosperous nation under the canopy of heaven?—not a single cent per 
head of the population, for one of the most interesting objects that ever 
came before the nation, scarcely yielding in importance to the decla¬ 
ration of independence, or the establishment of the federal constitution! 

It being all-important to the success of this scheme to conciliate the 
approbation of the free coloured population, the promotion of whose 
welfare is one prominent object of the undertaking, it is earnestly and 
cordially recommended to them, to select a judicious committee of 
three, or five, or seven enlightened persons of their body, to visit 
Liberia the first opportunity; to make personal inquiry and rigorous 
investigation into the real state of affairs in the settlement; and, on their 
return, to publish the results, so as to place the matter in a clear light, 
beyond all possibility of doubt or cavil; that they may denounce the 
scheme, if pernicious—or, if otherwise, hail it as one of the greatest 
boons that heaven in its mercy could have bestowed on their long-op- 
pressed nation. It is true, the testimony of Captains Sherman and 
Nicholson, and of Sheriff Devany,* might supersede the necessity of 
this measure—but still that testimony, however clear and indisputable, 
would not have, with the mass of their people, half so much weight as 
the statement of an enlightened committee of their own body. 

Let it be observed, that this pamphlet, which is but ill-digested, makes 
not the slightest pretensions to originality. It is a mere cento of facts 
and observations from various writers, whose views are, it is confi¬ 
dently believed, given correctly to the public. There may be errors— 
but it is believed there are but few, and unimportant. 

Philadelphia , Dec. 31, 1831. 


See pages 13 and 14. 






THE COLONIZATION SOCIETY, 


“Among’ all the magnificent plans carrying’ on for the improvement and happiness of 
mankind, in many parts of the world, there is, perhaps, none upon which we may more 
confidently implore the blessing’s of Heaven, than that in which we are now associated, 
[Colonization.] Whether we consider the gTandeur of the object or the wide sphere of 
Philanthropy which it embraces; or, whether we view the present state of its progress, 
under the auspices of this society, and under the obstacles which mig-ht have been ex¬ 
pected, from the cupidity of many, we may discover, iD each, a certain pledge, that the 
same benignant hand, which has fostered these preparatory arrangements, will crown our 
efforts with success .”—Bushrod Washington's Address at the Jirst meeting of the 
Society. 




The Southampton affair lias excited considerable attention towards the 
coloured population of the United States, and to the consequences likely 
to result from the admixture of two heterogenous castes in the same country, 
without the least probability, at any future period, however remote, of an 
amalgamation, from the diversity of colour, which forms a radical difference 
between our situation and that of the Greeks and Romans, who might have 
abolished slavery at any period without producing any great difficulty. 
From the uniformity of colour of the master with the great mass of the 
slaves, a complete amalgamation might take place in the course of a single 
generation or two. To thii amalgamation there is an impassible barrier in 
the United States. 

f The calm reflection of our most enlightened citizens has resulted in a 
deep conviction that the only remedy or palliation of the evils, present 
and future, of the existing state of things, is the colonization of the coloured 
people now in the enjoyment of freedom, and those who may be emanci¬ 
pated in future—and that Liberia, on the western coast of Africa, affords 
all the facilities lor the purpose that could be desired. 

Many of those citizens who ardently wish for the removal of such of the 
free coloured population, as are willing to go, to any place where they could 



the scheme is utterly impracticable—that the object in view is unattainable— 
and that of course, whatever of effort or money is bestowed on if, is so 
much absolutely thrown away. Of this opinion was the writer of this paper 
at an early stage of the existence of the Society. Me regarded it as one of 
the wildest schemes that ever arrayed in its support a number of enlightened 
men. Mature reflection has convinced him of his error, and be is now 
thoroughly satisfied, that the plan is not more eligible than practicable, 
provided the General and State Governments and public-spirited citizens, 
yield it a support in any degree commensurate with iis importance. 

Under the hope of converting others, as be has been himself converted, 
he has believed that he might render some service to his country, by placing 





2 


before the public, in plain, unadorned language, the leading facts of the 
case, collected from various sources, under the following heads : 

1. The increase of the coloured population. 

2. The origin of the Colonization Society. 

3. The manumission of slaves in this country, 

4. The declarations of Legislatures, and other assembled bodies, in favour 
of the society. 

5. The situation of the colonists at Monrovia and other towns. 

6. Moral and religious character of the settlers. 

7. The soil and climate of Liberia. 

8. Its productions and commerce. 

9. The advantages to the free coloured population by emigration to 
Liberia. 

10. The character of the natives of Africa, before the irruption of the 
Goths and Vandals. 

11. The effects of the Colonization on the slave trade—with a slight 
sketch of that nefarious and accursed traffic. 


Increase of the Coloured Population . 

The dangers from the great number of slaves, are yearly increasing by 
the natural horror of slavery which is constantly gaining strength in the 
breasts of the slaves,—by the increasing discussions that take place on the 
subject in our papers and among themselves—and by the inflammatory pub¬ 
lications that are clandestinely spreading among them in spite of all the vigi¬ 
lance of their masters. Circumstances, too, are occasionally occurring that 
tend to fan the flame—among which may be reckoned the general manumis¬ 
sion ot the slaves in the royal Colonies of Great Britain—and the steady and 
persevering efforts making in and out of parliament in that country to pro¬ 
cure a total emancipation in all the British Colonies. 

In the discussion of this subject, it is only necessary to cast a furtive 
glance at the scenes in St. Domingo,—and the various insurrections planned 
and attempted in this country, to be satisfied that the subject does not ob¬ 
tain the consideration in general, to which its great magnitude entitles it. 
Although there is, I hope and trust, no danger of such attempts proving ul¬ 
timately successful here, yet they may and in all probability will, often pro¬ 
duce such horrible scenes of havoc and desolation as to make humanity 
shudder, in repetitions of those which recently took place at Southampton. 

< Even on this cursory view of the subject, it could scarcely have been anti¬ 
cipated that the scheme for the removal of the free people of colour, disposed 
to emigrate, as proposed by the Colonization Society, would have met with 
any serious opposition—and yet it is no less true than strange, that it has 
been violently opposed in two quarters where it might have been rationally 
supposed likely to meet with most favour, in South Carolina, and among 
some of the free blacks.* 

•The free coloured population approved of the project at the commencement, when 
it appeared unsuccessful and unpromising, and underwent so many disasters, that 
they might, have been justified in the most serious opposition; but it is truly wonderful, 
that, while all the difficulties have been surmounted, and the colonists enjoy all the com¬ 
forts ot independence and consideration in an equal degree with their former masters; and 
this duly certified by persons of their own colour, who have come to this country, and by 
the circular published by a committee at Liberia,—it is, I say, wonderful that they have so 
completely changed their opinions,as appears from the following extract from the recent 
report of a committee of the annual convention of the free people of colour: 

“Your committee view with unfeigned regret, and respectfully submit, to the wisdom 
of this convention, the operations and misrepresentations of the Colonization Society. 


3 


South Carolina is the State which is by far more particularly interested 
in its success than any other State in the union, except perhaps Louisiana— 
as these are the only two States in which the slave population exceeds the 
whites—and the increase of the former has been in a considerably greater 
ratio than that of the whites. 


In 1790, the number of whites in South Carolina, was - 331,181 

the slaves. 107,094 

In 1830, the whites. 257,878 

the slaves. 315,565 


Thus it appears that while the slaves nearly trebled their numbers in forty 
years, the whites were only doubled. 

The relative situation of the whites and the blacks, east of the Blue 
Ridge, in Virginia, in 1790 and 1830, as stated in a memorial lately pre¬ 
sented to the legislature of that state, places the subjectin a striking point 
of view. By this statement, it appears that the blacks have in forty years 
gained on the whites not less than 106,176, being more than a fourth of the 
present number of whites in that section of country! To render this result 
more appalling, it is to be observed, that, during this period, the shipment of 
slaves, from that portion of Virginia, to the more southern states, has been 
carried to an enormous extent. 

By the census of 1790, there were whites— 

East of the Blue Ridge,.314,523 

There were of blacks, ... ..... 289,425 


Majority of whites,.- 25,098 


In 1800, there were blacks,. 339,393 

there were whites, ...... 336,289 


Majority of blacks, - 3,104 


In 1810, there were blacks, 
there were wliites, 


386,942 

338,553 


Majority of blacks, . 48,389 


In 1820, there were blacks, 
there were whites. 


413,928 

348,873 


Majority of blacks. 


65,055 


In 1830, there were blacks, 
there were whites, 


457,013 

375,935 


Majority of blacks, .81,078 

The following table exhibits the increase of the free coloured people 
in the United States, from the year 1790 to the present time: 

In 1790, 50,481 ------ In 1820, 2o3,530 

. 1800, 110,073 . 1830, 319,467 

1810, 188,465 
The number of slaves, 

In 1790, 697,697 ...... 1830, 2,010,527 

Being a multiplication almost three fold. 

We feel sorrowful to see such an immense and wanton waste of lives and property, not 
doubting the benevolent feelings of some individuals engaged in that cause. But we 
cannot, for a moment, doubt that the cause of many of our unconstitutional, unchris¬ 
tian, and unheard-of sufferings, emanates from that unhallowed source.” 














4 


The disparity of increase of the white and coloured population, in the 
five original slave states, deserves attention. 



17 

90. 

. 1830. 


VV lutes. 

Slaves. 

Whites. 

Slaves. | 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
Georgia, ' 

208,649 

442,117 

288.204 

130,181 

52,986 

103,036 

292,627 

100,572. 

107,091 

29,264 

291,093 

694,327 

474,433 

257,878 

296,614 

~T(J 2^878; 
469,724| 
246.462, 
315,6651 
217,470 


7,122,137| 

6 53,590 

2,012,4.57 

1,352,199 


It thus appears, that the whites, in forty years, increased but about se¬ 
venty-nine percent ; while the slaves increased < ne hundred and twelve. 
In North Carolina, the whites increased but sixfv-four per cent.; while the 
slaves increased one bundled and forty five. The number of slaves in Ma¬ 
ryland has decreased, partly bv manumissions, and partly by the shipment 
of slaves to the more Southern States, both of which have taken place in 
that sta*e on a large scale. The free c< loured population of that State, in 
1790, was only 8,042, whereas, in 1830, it was 52,942. 

It is important to ascertain the increase of the coloured population, gene¬ 
rally 

The total number of coloured people, free and slaves , in the United States. 


In 1790 was 
In 1800 - 

In 1810 - 

In 1820 - 

In 1830 


757,178 
1,006 921 
1.577,780 
1,771,658 
' 2,330,039 


It is well worth serious consideration, what will probably be the extent of 
this population, in forty years, at the same ratio of increase as took place 
in the last ten years. 

In 1840 .. 3,045,504 

In 1850 - . 4,111,430 

In 1860 i - - ■ - 5,549,435 

In 1870 . 7,491,737 


This is no fanciful calculation, the sport of a lively imagination. It is 
grounded on the actual ratio of increase that took place from the census of 
1820 to that of 1830, viz. 35 per cent. 

It is impossible to contemplate the subject, in this point of view, with¬ 
out the most serious alarm, and a thorough conviction that it is of paramount 
importance, and that there is an imperious necessity of making i n effort to 
apply a remedy to the dangers with which it is pregnant. 

Various statements have been given of the expense of the passage of emi¬ 
grants to Liberia—-16, 20, aVid 26 dollars—12 or 13 dollars for their main¬ 
tenance at Monrov ia for a year—children from ten to tw elve years are taken 
at half price—and below two years, free of charge. There has hitherto 
been considerable disadvantage from the size of many of the vessels, and 
the small number of emigrants that went in some of them. It is believed, 
if the business were carried on, upon a scale commensurate with its im¬ 
portance, and in vessels of an improved construction, that the passage might 
be reduced to 15 dollars; and that the expence of maintaining emigrants at 
Liberia will be greatly reduced by the demand for labour in the colony, bv 
which those who are able to work, may procure employment at once, and 
thus support themselves. I have recently seen a statement by which it appears 


v 






























5 




that of the whole number of emigrants who arrived in one vesssel, only 
seven were unemployed in ten or twelve days. Moreover, as the benefits of 
the plan to the emigrants become more generally known, it is fairly presu¬ 
mable that numbers of the coloured people, who have means, will emigrate 
at their own expense ; and that many benevolent citizens will, as has already 
been done in various instances, defray the passage of their slaves. All 
these circumstances will tend to diminish the public burdens. Taking 
these considerations into view, it cannot be denied, that, to average the 
whole, voung and old, at 25 dollars, cannot be far from the truth. 

The increase is about 3 3 per cent per annum. On the present population it 
is equal to about 75 or 80,000, annually. If it were intended to keep this 
population to its present standard, it would require $2,COO,000 annually. 
But we will confine ourselves to an emigration of 50.000, which would 
require 81,200,000, or even 25,000, which would require about 8600,000. 
Any of these emigrations would greatly mitigate the public danger. The 
sums are large, and would require considerable sacrifices. But was any great 
object ever attained without great sacrifices? We were able, in a compara¬ 
tively feeble state, to raise 8100,000,000 in a year and a half for the support 
of a war, and our revenue has tor years been from 23 to 27,000,000 of dol¬ 
lars. The direct tax of the state of Pennsylvania in the year 1815 was 
S730,958,and of Virginia ST38,036, which was paid without any oppression 
of the citizens of either. And surely with an overflowing treasury, if reason 
and common sense have fair/^play, it would not be very difficult to procure 
an amendment of the constitution, if such an amendment be necessary, which 
is much doubted by many of our citizens, authorising the appropriation of 
a sum necessary for this purpose, to be ratified, according to the terms of 
the constitution, by three fourths of the States. And never did a nation 
appropriate mopey fora more valuable purpose. 

There are twelve non-slave-holding States. There can be no doubt that 
these would ratify such an amendment; and from the prevalence of the 
conviction in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, of the dangers that 
menace the country from this source, their immediate concurrence might be 
calculated on, and the consent of one more would probably be had in a year 
or two, as the subject came to be more lully discussed, aud of consequence 
better understood. 

Origin of the project of colonization of the coloured population of the United 

Slates. 

As early as the year 1777, Mr. Jefferson formed a plan for colonizing the 
coloured population of the United States, the particulars of which l have 
not been able to ascertain. There is reason to believe, it was not intended 
to be in Africa. Suffice it to say, that it proved abortive, owing to the dis 
tractions and difficulties of the war; and probably the. novelty and magni¬ 
tude of the undertaking had some influence in defeating it. How much to 
be deplored the result! had the project succeeded, what a source ot difficulties 
and dangers would have been dried up! 

The next person that appears to have taken up the subject ardently, was 
Dr. Thornton, of Washington, who formed a plan for establishing a colo¬ 
ny of that population on the coast of Africa, in 1787, and published an 
address to those residing in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, uniting them 
to accompany him to that country. A sufficient number of them accepted 
the invitation, and were prepared for the expedition—but this also proved 
an abortion, for want of adequate funds. The public mind was not then 
prepared for affording pecuniary support. 


6 


About the year 1800 or 1801, the subject of the coloured population, 
slaves as well as free, occupied the attention of the Legislature of Virginia, 
and in a secret session, they instructed the governor, Mr. Monroe, to 
apply to the President of the United States to institute a negociation with 
some of the powers of Europe, possessed of colonies, for an asylum to which 
the emancipated Negroes might be sent, and colonized. Accordingly in 
1802, Mr. Jefferson entered into a negociation with the Sierra Leone Com¬ 
pany to induce them to admit our emancipated slaves into their Colony. 
This plan having failed, he applied to the government of Portugal to admit 
them into some of their settlements on the coast of Africa. The result 
was equally unpropitious, and the project was for several years abandoned. 

In the session of the Legislature of Virginia in 1816, the following re¬ 
solution was agreed to by a large majority. As this was the source from 
which the Colonization Society originated—and as that Society, its origi¬ 
nators, and abetters, have been denounced in strong terms of vituperation and 
malignity, as plotters against the peace and happiness of the southern States, 
I give the resolution at full length: 

“ j Resolved, That the executive be requested to correspond with the President of the 
U. States, for the purpose of obtaining a territory on the coast of Africa, or at some 
other place, not within any of the states or territorial Governments of the U. States, to 
serve as an asylum for such persons of colour as are now free, and may desire the same, 
and for those who may hereafter be emancipated within this Commonwealth; and that 
the Senators and Representatives of this state in the Congress of the United States, be 
requested to exert their best efforts to aid the President of the United States in the 
attainment of the above objects. 

“Provided , That no contract or arrangement respecting such territory: shall be 
obligatory on this Commonwealth, until ratified by the legislature.” 

The Rev. Robert Finley, of New Jersey, a man of unbounded benevo¬ 
lence and untiring exertion, commiserating the wretched situation of a 
large portion of the free blacks, resolved on making an effort to establish 
a society for colonizing them on the coast of Africa.* By great indus¬ 
try and exertions, he enlisted a considerable number of respectable and en¬ 
lightened citizens in this most benevolent project. A meeting was called 
at Washington, December 16, 1816, to take the subject into consideration, at 
which Bushrod Washington presided. After considerable debate, in which 
Henry Clay, John Randolph, of Roanoke, and various other orators power¬ 
fully addressed the meeting in favour of the plan, a constitution was formed, 
Bushrod Washington was appointed president, and Messrs. Crawford, 
Clay, Rutgers, Howard, Jackson (Gen.,) Fitzhugh, &c. vice presidents. 

A memorial was drawn up, which Mr. Randolph undertook to present to 
Congress. 

*Tbe following letter from this amiable man evinces how deep an interest he took in 
the distresses and sufferings of the coloured population. 

'Basking Ridge, July 14th, 1815. 

“ The longer I live to see the wretchedness of men, the more I admire the virtue of 
those who devise, and with patience labour to execute plans for the relief of the wretch¬ 
ed. On this subject the state of the free blacks has very much occupied my mind. 
Their number increases greatly, and their wretchedness too, as appears to me. Every¬ 
thing connected with their condition, including their colour, is against them: nor is there 
much prospect that their state can ever be greatly meliorated, while they shall continue 
among us. Could not the rich and benevolent devise means to form a colony on some part 
of the coast of Africa, similar to the Sierra Leone, which might gradually induce many free 
blacks to go and settle, devising for them the means of getting there , and of protection and 
support till they were established? Could they be sent back to Africa, a threefold benefit 
would arise. We should be cleared of them. We should send to Africa a population 
partly civilized and christianized for its benefit. And our blacks themselves would be 
put in a better situation. Think much upon this subject, and then please to write me 
when you have leisure.” 


From this period till 1820, was employed in making arrangements and 
preparations for an expedition. Money came in very slowly, as the project 
was too generally regarded as a wild speculation. 

On the 3d of March, 1819, Congress passed an act authorising the Presi¬ 
dent to make such rules and regulations as he might deem expedient for the 
safe keeping, support, and removal of slaves captured in vessels engaged 
in the slave trade; and to appoint “ a proper person or persons, as agent or 
agents on the coast of Africa for receiving them.” 

It was obvious that the objects of the government could be better accom¬ 
plished in conjunction with the Colonization Society, than separately. Ac¬ 
cordingly in the year 1820, the Elizabeth was chartered, and took out to 
the coast two agents of the government, one from the society, and about 
eighty emigrants. They were to be employed at the expense of the govern¬ 
ment, in preparing accommodations for the reception of recaptured ne¬ 
groes. 

They were in the outset extremely unfortunate. They found it impossi¬ 
ble to procure a suitable place, and “ were compelled, by a variety of 
untoward circumstances, to make a temporary establishment in the low, 
unhealthy island of Sherbro.” Here they were detained some time en¬ 
deavouring to purchase land—and were attacked by fatal diseases which 
carried off the three agents, and twenty of the colonists. 

The colony was in a lamentable state in the spring of 1821. Great confu- 
ston and want of subordination prevailed, in consequence of the death of 
the agents. At that time, four new agents arrived, Messrs. Andrews, Wilt- 
berger, Winn, and Bacon ; the two first on the part of the society, and the 
others on that of the United States. They brought out twenty-eight emi¬ 
grants—and from the difficulties that had occurred in procuring land, they 
proceeded with the old and new hands to the colony of Sierra Leone, to the 
neighbourhood of Freetown. One of the agents, Mr. Bacon, and his wife, 
being taken sick, returned to the United States. Mr. Andrews died in 
August, and Mr. Winn in September. 

This was an appalling state of things, and enough to discourage any fur¬ 
ther attempts. But the society determined to proceed ; and Dr. Ayres, as 
agent of the society, and lieutenant Stockton, as agent of the United States, 
arrived in Dec. 1821, and purchased the island of Montserado, and suffi¬ 
cient land in its neighborhood, for three hundred dollars, payable in tobacco, 
rum, clothing, fire arms, &c. Part was delivered; but the natives repented 
of their contract, and having decoyed Dr. Ayres into their power, insisted 
on his receiving back the goods delivered, with which he was obliged to com¬ 
ply. But, pleading the difficulty of removal, he was allowed to remain on 
the island, until one of the native kings, who enjoyed a sort of supremacy 
over the others, undertook to act as umpire, and, hearing both parties, com¬ 
pelled his perfidious regal brothers to perform their contract. 

As soon as this difference was compromised, the colonists were removed 
from Sierra Leone to Montserado, except a few refractory ones, who pre¬ 
ferred remaining in the former settlement. 

Some serious misunderstanding took place between the natives and the 
colonists, in the course of 1822. The former became jealous of the 
latter, being apprehensive it was intended to subjugate them, or at all events 
to annihilate the slave trade, which was their chief dependence for supplies 
of European and West India commodities. To prevent these consequen¬ 
ces they resolved to attack and extirpate the colony while in its infancy. 
Accordingly, on the 8th of November, in that year, an attack was made on 
the settlement by eight hundred of the natives. The colonists were in a 
very indifferent state of preparation. Their effective numbers were but 


8 


about 35-— their defences were incomplete—and they had very few cannon, 
one of which was captured in the early part of the siege—but the captors 
knew not how to use it—and it was retaken, and turned upon them in the 
course of the conflict. The assailants were completely routed, and fled 
in confusion. The colonists lost seven men. 

They then went to work to complete the fortifications, and were in con¬ 
stant alarms, at the rumours of a renewal of the attack, with greatly in¬ 
creased forces.' This took place on the second of December, with 1500 
men—who attempted to storm the fortifications, on two sides, simultane¬ 
ously. The garrison was incomparably better prepared than before, so far 
as regarded entrenchments, but not as to the number of defenders. They 
repulsed the assailants, with great slaughter, with the loss of onlv one man 
killed and two badly wounded. In the defence, the Rev. Mr. Ashmun, who 
was dangerously ill, displayed great energy and talent, and was the chief 
means of saving the colony from destruction. 

At the close of this attack, the colonists, on the whole, had but twenty- 
five effective men, including ten of the recaptured slaves. 

,About this time, his 13. M. schooner Driver came into the harbour, and 
the captain kindly undertook to negociate a peace between the contending 
parties, a measure equally acceptable to both, as they were tired of the un¬ 
profitable contest. 

Since that period the colonists have not been molested. They are objects 
of respect and veneration, and their friendship is sought after by all the 
petty kings in their neighbourhood. 

A regular form of government was adopted in 1824, which produced the 
happiest effects on the morals and manners of the Colonists. In truth, 
tins period may be stated as almost the commencement of the establish¬ 
ment—the three preceding years having been the reign of anarchy and con¬ 
fusion. 

Manumissions . 

Among the most promising and encouraging circumstances attending the 
career of this society, are the numerous manumissions that have taken 
place in almost all the slave states, with the express condition of the freed 
men being sent to Liberia. 

These manumissions have occurred on a scale that the most sanguine 
friends of the scheme could not have anticipated. Entire families have 
been blest with their freedom, from the most pure motives, a conviction of 
the immorality and injustice of slavery—and in many cases ample provi¬ 
sion has been made for the expense of their passage, and in some for (heir 
support in Liberia. They have been thus released from the debasement 
and degradation of slavery, and sent to the land of their fathers, to partake 
of all the happiness that freedom and the certainty ot enjoying all the 
fruits of their labour, can inspire. 

It would be endless to enumerate the cases of this kind that have occur¬ 
red. Some of them must be recorded, that the acts, and the names of the 
parties, where known, may have the applause to which they are entitled, 
and, what is of more consequence, that they may serve as stimuli to 
others to follow the noble example. 

A lady near Charlestown, Va. liberated all her slaves, ten in number, 
to be sent to Liberia, and moreover purchased two whose families were 
among her slaves. For the one she gave $450, and for the other $350. 

The late Win. Fitzhugh, bequeathed their freedom to all his slaves, after 
a certain fixed period, and ordered that their expenses should be paid to 
whatsoever place they should think proper to go. And, “as an encourage- 


9 


ment to them to emigrate to the American colony on the coast of Africa, 
where,’’ adds the will, “I believe their happiness will be more permanently 
secured, I desire not only that the expenses of their emigration be paid, but 
that the sum of fifty dollars shall be paid to each one so emigrating on his 
or her arrival in Africa.” 

David Shriver of Frederick co. Maryland, ordered by his will, that all 
his slaves, thirty in number, should be emancipated, and that proper provi¬ 
sion should be made for the comfortable support of the infirm and aged, and 
for the instruction of the young, in reading, writing and arithmetic, and in 
some art or trade by which they might acquire the means of support. 

Col. Smith, an old revolutionary officer, of Sussex co. Va. ordered in his 
will, that all his slaves, seventy or eighty in number, should be emancipat¬ 
ed, and bequeathed above §5000 to defray the expense of transporting them 
to Liberia. 

Patsey Morris, of Louisa co., Va. directed by will that all her slaves, six¬ 
teen in number, should be emancipated, and left $500 to fit them out, and 
defray the expenses of their passage. 

The schooner Randolph, which sailed from Georgetown, S. C. had on 
board 26 slaves liberated by a benevolent individual near Cheraw. 

Of 105 emigrants who sailed in the brig Doris from Baltimore and Nor¬ 
folk, 62 were emancipated on condition ot being conveyed to Liberia. 

Sampson David, late a member of the Legislature of Tennessee, provided 
by will that all his slaves, 22 in number, who are mostly young, should be 
liberated in 1840, or sooner, at his wife’s decease, if she died before that 
period. 

Herbert B. Elder, of Petersburg, Va. bequeathed their freedom to all his 
slaves, twenty in number, with directions that they should be conveyed to 
Liberia, by the first opportunity. 

A gentleman in Georgia, has recently left 49 slaves free on condition of 
their removal to Liberia. 

In this, I had almost said divine- work of benevolence, the Society of 
Friends, as in so many other cases, have nobly distinguished themselves, 
and assumed a prominent attitude. They have, in North Carolina, libe¬ 
rated no less than 652 slaves, whom they had under their care, besides, as 
says my authority, an unknown number of children, husbands and wives, 
that were connected with them by consanguinity. In the performance of 
these acts of benevolence, they expended $12,769. They had remaining 
under their care in Dec. 1830, 402 slaves, for whom the same arrangements 
were to be made.—African Repository, Dec. 1830, page 319. 

It holds out every encouragement to the Colonization Society, that the 
applications for the transportation of free negroes, and slaves proposed to be 
emancipated on condition of removal to Liberia, far exceed its means. There 
are in North Carolina and the adjacent states, from three to four thousand of 
both descriptions, ready to embark, were the Society in a situation to send 
them away. 

^9® ft** ' 1 * *■ — 

The declarations of Legislatures and other assembled bodies in favour of the 
Colonization Scheme. 

The Colonization Society has, by perseverance and by the intrinsic 
merit of its views, at length “ won golden opinions” from the greater part 
of the nation. The Legislatures of thirteen States, New-Hampshire, Ver¬ 
mont, Connecticut, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir¬ 
ginia, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, have passed reso¬ 
lutions approving of the object of the Society, and recommending the 
B 


10 


system of foreign colonization. Eleven of those States have instructed their 
senators, and requested their representatives in Congress to promote, in the 
general government, measures for removing such free persons of colour as 
are desirous of emigrating to Africa. And 4 ‘ nearly all the ecclesiastical 
bodies in the United States have, by resolutions, firmly expressed their 
opinion, that the Society merits the consideration and favour of the whole 
Christian community, and earnestly recommended it to their patronage.” I 
annex a few specimens: 

Resolve of the legislature of Connecticut , 1824. 

“ Resolved, That the existence of Slavery in the United States is a great national evil 
and that the people and the States ought to participate in the burdens and duties of 
removing it by all just and prudent measures, which may be adopted with a due regard 
to their internal peace and mutual harmony: and that a system of colonization under the 
patronage of the General Government, may reasonably be deemed conducive to so 
desirable an object.” 

Resolve of the legislature of New Jersey , 1825. 

“ Resolved, That in the opinion of this Legislature, a system of Foreign Colonization, 
with correspondent measures, might be adopted, that would in due time, effect the 
entire emancipation of slaves in our country, and furnish an asylum for the free Blacks,, 
without any violation of the National Compact , or infringement of the rights of individuals; 
and that such a system should be predicated upon the principle,that the evil of Slavery is 
a national one, and that the People and the States of this union ought, mutually , to par¬ 
ticipate in the duties and burdens of removing it. ” 

Resolve of the legislature of Kentucky, 1827. 

“Resolved by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, That they 
view with deep and friendly interest, the exertions ofthe American Colonization Society, 
in establishing an asylum on the Coast of Africa, for the Free people of Colour of the 
United States; and that the Senators and Representatives in Congress from thisstate.be 
and they are hereby requested, to use their efforts to facilitate the removal of such free 
persons of colour as may desire to emigrate from the United States to the Colony in Africa, 
and to insure to them the protection and patronage of the General Government, so far as 
shallbe deemed consistent with the safety and interest of the United States.” 

Of the legislature of Delaware. 

“ Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Delaware, 
in General Assembly met. That it is requisite for our prosperity, and, what is <5f 
more important concern, essential to our safety, that measures should be taken, for the 
removal from this country, of the Free Negroes and Mulattoes. 

‘‘Resolved, That this General Assembly approve the objects of the American Coloniza¬ 
tion Society, and consider that these objects deserve public support, and that they ought 
to be fostered and encouraged by the National Governments, and with the National 
funds.” 

The following resolves were passed at a late meeting held at St. Mary’s, 
in Maryland: 

Resolved, That the colonizing’ of free blacks at Liberia has succeeded beyond the ex¬ 
pectation of its most enthusiastic projectors, and experience has demonstrated, be¬ 
yond all doubt, the capacity of the scheme, to foster the prosperity, to elevate the 
character, and promote the happiness of those who have had wisdom to translate them¬ 
selves to a country so eminently gifted with every production of nature necessary to 
sustain life. 

Resolved, That it is not only the interest, but it is the duty of the free blacks to seek 
this asylum, provided for them by the philanthropy of the good and wise; and that it is 
regretted that, notwithstanding the munificence of the State Legislature, in providing 
annually a sum, to be placed under the management of the Colonization Society, to as¬ 
sist in the removal, that not one has been found within our county who has applied for 
emigration. 

Resolved, That it is recommended to the General Assembly of Maryland to appropri¬ 
ate, annually, the further sum of ten thousand dollars, to be subject to the order of the 
American Colonization Society, so far as the same is required for the removal of persons 


11 


of colour, bona fide belonging to, or residing in, the State of Maryland, the names of 
whom shall be left with the Treasurer of Maryland, upon the payment of any portion 
of the said appropriation. 

Resolved, That the attention of the Congress of the United States be invited to give, 
Irom our National Treasury, such aid and countenance to the colony at Liberia, as may 
be constitutionally permitted; and, if the aid of the National Government must be 
withheld, because such legislation is not granted to Congress by the constitution, that 
then Congress shall be invited to propose such amendments to the constitution of the 
United States as may be requisite to delegate to Congress such power. 

The state of Maryland passed an act some years since, appropriating 1000 
dollars per annum to aid the Society. Virginia has given a small sum, the 
amount of which I cannot ascertain. The total amount of the receipts to 
the end of 1830, has been 112,841 dollars. 

Situation of the Colonists . 

The country of Liberia extends along the coast about 150 miles, and into 
the interior from 20 to 30. The chief town, Monrovia, is situated on Cape 
Montserado,and contains about an hundred houses and 800 inhabitants. The 
harbour is formed by the mouth of the river Montserado. There is in Mon¬ 
rovia a public library; and a journal is published by Mr. Russwurm, who is 
said to nave 800 subscribers. The defence of the colony depends on six 
volunteer companies, containing 500 men. The government possesses 20 
field pieces and 1000 muskets. There are in the colony about 2000 persons, 
including about 400 Africans, chiefly liberated by our vessels of war from 
slave traders. They are settled on one spot on the side of Stockton bay, not 
far from Monrovia, and are devoted principally to agriculture.— Revue 
Encyclopedique. 

It is highly gratifying that in most of the favourable statements of the 
prospects and of the character of the colonists, I am able to adduce, in ad¬ 
dition to thetestimonyofthelateMr. Ashmun,thatof W.E. Sherman, captain 
of the Liberia, whose letter, from which I extract the information, is dated 
May 4,1830, and likewise of captain Nicholson of the United States Navy. 
Had I relied entirely on the statements of the society, or of its agents, 
however pure and immaculate they might be—they might, and by many 
would, be suspected of undue bias, from the interest they feel in the question. 

Another authority is Mr. Devany, one of the Colonists, a coloured 
man, who resided at Liberia for seven years, and who is sherilf of the Colo¬ 
ny. He paid a yisit to this country in the year 1828, and was examined 
by a Committee of the House of Representatives of the United States. 

Mr. Devany stated this arrangement in the settlement of towns— 44 A plot 
of the town is drawn—and when new settlers arrive, they employ a lottery to 
fix their several situations; each being allowed in the town a quarter of an 
acre, and 15 acres in the neighbourhood, which he is at liberty to cultivate 
for himself. Some who wish to become farmers, and to settle at a distance, 
are allowed small farms of 50 acres. The soil is cultivated with ease; 
Ploughs are not yet introduced. They have some mules which they brought 
from the cape de Verde.” 

In a Circular forwarded by a Committee of the inhabitants of Monrovia, 
to their brethren in the United States, they give the following description 
of their situation: 

“ The first consideration which caused our voluntary removal to this country, and 
the object we regard with the deepest concern, was liberty—liberty in the sober, sim¬ 
ple, but complete sense of the word—not a licentious liberty—nor a liberty without 
government, or which should place us without the restraint of salutary laws—but that 


12 


liberty of speech, action and conscience, which distinguishes the free enfranchised citizens 
of a free state. We did not enjoy that freedom in our native country; and from causes, 
which, as regards ourselves, we shall soon forget for ever, we were certain, it was not 
there attainable for our children or ourselves.. * * We truly declare, that our ex¬ 

pectations and hopes, in this respect, have been realized. 

“ Our Constitution secures to us, so far as our condition allows, ‘ all the rights and 
privileges enjoyed by the citizens of the U. States;’ and these rights, and these pri¬ 
vileges are ours. We are proprietors of the soil we live on, and possess the rights of 
freeholders. Our suffrages, and what is of more importance, our sentiments and opi¬ 
nions have their due weight in the Government we live under. Our laws are altogether 
our own; they grow out of our circumstances, are framed for our exclusive benefit, and 
administered either by officers of our own appointment, or such as possess our confi¬ 
dence. We have a judiciary, chosen from among ourselves: we serve as jurors in the 
trial of others, and are liable ourselves to be tried only by jurors of our fellow citizens. 
We have all that is meant by liberty of conscience. The time and mode of worshipping 
God, as prescribed to us, in his word, and dictated by our conscience, we are not only 
free to follow, but are protected in following. 

“Forming a community of our own in the land of our forefathers, having the com¬ 
merce, and soil, and resources of the country at our disposal; we know nothing of that 
debasing inferiority, with which our very colour sitamped us in America; there is nothing 
here to create the feeling on our part—nothing to cherish the feeling of superiority in 
the minds of foreigners who visit us. It is this moral emancipation—this liberation of 
the mind from worse than iron fetters—that repays us ten thousand times over for all 
that it has cost us,and makes us grateful to God and our American patrons, for the happy 
change which has taken place in our situation.” 

Captain Nicholson, of the U. States Navy, who spent some time at Liberia, 
confirms the preceding accounts. “The appearance of all the colonists,” he 
observes, “ those of Monrovia, as well as those of Caldwell, indicated more 
than contentment. Their manners were those of freemen, who experienced 
the blessings oflibertv, and appreciated the boon. Many of them had by 
trade acquired a competency. * * * The children born in the 

country are fine looking, and I presume can be raised a9 easily as those of 
the natives. All the colonists with whom I had communication (and with 
nearly the whole of them did I communicate, in person, or by my officers) 
expressed their decided wish to remain in their present situation, rather than 
to return again to the United States. I cannot give you better evidence of 
the prosperity of the colony, than by mentioning that eight of my crew (co¬ 
loured mechanics) after going ashore two several days, applied for and re¬ 
ceived their discharge, in order to remain as permanent settlers. These 
men had been absent from their country upwards of three years, and had 
among them nearly two thousand dollars in clothes and money. Had they 
not been thoroughly convinced that their happiness and prosperity would 
be better promoted by remaining among their free brethren in Liberia, they 
would not have determined on so momentous a step as quitting the United 
States, perhaps forever, where they all had left friends and relatives.” 

The wages given to carpenters, masons, &c. (and those by no means the 
most skilful in their respective trades) are two dollars per day—and the 
common labourers, from 75 cents to SI 25. 

It is an important circumstance in the affairs of the colonists that the petty 
savage kings view them in the most friendly light, and are anxious to have 
them become near neighbours. The kings and head men of Grand Bassa 
lately Bent a pressing invitation to the agent to make a settlement on their 
land. Two chiefs, whose subjects amount to 10,000 souls, have placed 
themselves under their protection, and pledged themselves to arm in their 
defence in the event of any hostile attacks, either from the slavers or un¬ 
friendly natives. 

The great difficulties of the original settlers have been long overcome. 
The address of the coloured people above referred to, states that those who 


13 


now atrive have comfortable houses to receive them ; have regular medical 
attendance in cases of sickness; and “ will be surrounded and attended 
by healthy and happy people, who have borne the effects of the climate, and 
will encourage and fortify them, under the disadvantages to which emi¬ 
grants are more or less liable in all countries.” 

There are at present 126 children of both sexes, attending schools in 
Monrovia and Caldwell. And the agent expects as soon as school-houses, 
now being built, are completed, that the number will be doubled. A school 
house is now being built at Millsburg. 

Moral and Religious Character of the Colonists v 

Mr. Devany,in his examination, stated that the prevailing morals of the 
colonists are good. He had witnessed but one fight among them during 
his residence there; and that was occasioned by a sort of political quarrel 
with a coloured man from Sierra Leone, who, partaking of the jealous spi¬ 
rit prevailing among some persons there, had spoken in an abusive manner 
of the American Colony. Larcenies, under five shillings, are punished by 
fine;—those above that sum by imprisonment. No instance of a capital 
crime had yet occurred. —African Repository, vol. vi. p. 99. 

“ Some instances of intemperance have occurred—but the habit is confined to two per¬ 
sons only, and does not go to such an extent, as to be of serious injury to the families of 
the individuals, who are blacksmiths. There are three churches, frame buildings, one 
of them with a steeple. One belongs to the baptists, one to the methodists, and one, not 
yet finished, to the presbyterians. Divine service is attended three times on Sunday, 
and also on Thursday and Friday evenings . The Sunday Schools are attended by many 
of the native children. All who can be decently clad, are in the habit of attending.”— 
Devany, Idem, p. 100. 

“ There is much hospitality to be found in Monrovia; and among the inhabitants, a 
greater proportion of moral and religious people, than in this city [Phi lad. ] I never saw a 
man intoxicated,nor heard any profane swearing during the three weeks 1 was there .”— 
Captain Sherman, African Repository, vol. vi. p. 115. 

“ The court holds its sessions on the first Monday in every month. Juries are empan- 
neled as with us. The jurisdiction of the court extends over the whole colony. The 
trials are principally for larceny, and the criminals generally natives , who commit thefts in 
the settlements. A few instances of kidnapping have occurred. These depredations 
were committed on the recaptured Africans. To the honour of the emigrants be it men¬ 
tioned, that but Jive of their number have been committed for stealing or misdemeanor since 
1827.”—Idem, p. 113. 

As a potent guard against intemperance, three hundred dollars are re¬ 
quired for a license to sell liquors. 

Soil and Climate. 

The colonists in their address to the coloured population of the U. States, 
observe that the soil is not exceeded for fertility, or productiveness, when 
properly cultivated, by any soil in the world. Th$ hills and plains are 
covered with perpetual verdure. The productions of the soil go on through 
the year, without intermission. Notwithstanding the imperfections of the 
farming tools used by the natives, they raise more than they can consume, 
and frequently more than they can sell. “ We have,” they add, •* no dreary 
winter here, for one-half the year, to consume the productions of the other 
half. Nature is constantly renovating herself, and constantly pouring her 
treasures all the year round, into the lap of the industrious.” 

This statement is confirmed by the late Dr. Randall, ageot of the Society. 
He says—The lands on both sides of Stockton creek, are of the very best 


14 


quality; being a rich, light alluvion, equal in every part to the best lands 
on the southern rivers of the United States.” 

Tuckey, in his account of the expedition to the Congo, corroborates both 
these statements: “ The extent of the land is capable, with very moderate 
industry, of supporting a great increase of population—not the one hun¬ 
dredth part of what we have passed over, being made any use of whatever.” 

Dr. Randall, writing in December, describes the climate as delightful, 
** It is not,” he says, 44 very warm during the day, and at night cool enough 
to sleep with comfort under a blanket.” The town of Monrovia he con¬ 
sidered quite as healthy as any of our southern cities. He was of opinion 
that with proper precautions and moderate prudence, emigrants from the 
northern cities, might come with but little risque from the climate. The 
whole experience of the colony has proved that no danger attended em¬ 
igrants from the southern states. 

“The climate is mild and uniform; the thermometer never being lower 
than 68° nor higher than 88°, save perhaps one day in a season, when it has 
been known to rise to 90° 

“ There is a constant sea breeze, and Mr. Devany had seen the weather 
quite cool-—not cold enough, however, to produce frost. The houses have 
no chimneys, except to the kitchens; but it is customary in the cooler wea¬ 
ther, to use small furnaces with charcoal.”—African Repository, vol. vi. 
page 104. 

“The true character of the African climate,” observe the colonists, 
44 is not understood in other countries. Its inhabitants are as robust, 
as healthy, and as longlived, to say the least, as those of any other 
country. Nothing like an epidemic has ever appeared in the colony— 
nor can we learn from the natives, that the calamity of a sweeping sickness 
ever yet existed in that part of the continent. But the change from a tem¬ 
perate to a tropical country, is a great one—too great not to affect the 
health, more or less—and in the case of old people and very young chil¬ 
dren, it often causes death. In the early years of the colony, want of 
good houses, the great fatigues and dangers of the settlers, their irregular 
mode of living, and the hardships and discouragements they met with, great¬ 
ly helped the other causes of sickness, which prevailed to an alarming ex¬ 
tent, and were attended with great mortality. But we lookback to these 
times as to a season of trial long fast , and nearly forgotten. Our house s 
and circumstances are now comfortable: and for the last two or three years 
not one person in fifty, from the middle and southern states , had died from 
the change of climate .” 

The uniform experience of the colonists has proved that emigrants 
from the Southern States become speedily acclimated. If they have the 
fever of the country, it affects them very lightly—and those who are 
prudent, and observe the advice of the settlers, are in no more danger 
than the emigrants from Europe to this country. On board a vessel that sail¬ 
ed from Boston in the severe season, and arrived in sultry weather at Mon¬ 
rovia, the mortality was very considerable. But it is believed that the 
whole number of persons who have died in consequence of sickness con¬ 
tracted on the voyage, or by the unfavorable nature of the climate, is not 
more than have perished in a single slave ship bound to Rio Janeiro. 

The Indian Chief conveyed to Africa 154 persons, of whom 39 were from 
the state of North Carolina. Not an individual of the latter number suf¬ 
fered materially from sickness. And some who left Norfolk in bad health, 
derived ultimately benefit from the change of climate.— Tenth Annual 
Report. 

“ The whole country between Cape Mount and Trade Town is rich in soil 


15 


and other natural advantages, and capable of sustaining a numerous and 
civilized population beyond almost any other country.” 

“ For beauty and fertility, the country is surpassed by none in the world; 
for salubrity of situation, excellent water, and facility of being brought 
under cultivation, by none equally unpeopled in Africa. Imagine a tine 
river, half a mile wide, and affording across its channel from bank to bank 
from three to four fathoms of water—‘the country on either side champaign, 
and the level about twenty to thirty feet above that of the river—the banks 
every where perpendicular, exhibiting, in order,the different strata of which 
the general bed of the country is composed—the waters of the river to be 
sweet at a very small distance above the mouth,eight months in the year—at 
nine miles, the year round—and you have a correct, but still imperfect idea 
of this noble river, and the adjacent country. The original growth is exu¬ 
berant, and the soil a rich, deep and loose loam, entirely destitute of stones, 
exhibiting in some places a prevalence of sand, and in others of a fat clay— 
but all about equally productive.”— Jlslimun. 

“ Not an hour have I spent here without feeling the refreshing and’salutary 
influences of a fresh breeze from the ocean. The settlement can never be 
without it. * * No situation of Western Africa can be more sa¬ 

lubrious. The sea air does all that can be done for it in this climate.' One 
peculiarity is, that the night air is nearly as pure as any other. * * 

The rapidity and luxuriance of vegetation here, the natives of temperate la¬ 
titudes can hardly imagine.”— Idem. 

Dr. Mechlin states in a recent communication, that “to those emigrants 
who have had the fever, and are in a great measure acclimated, Africa 
proves a more congenial clime than the United States. There they enjoy 
a greater immunity from disease: and pulmonary affections, so rife among 
the coloured population in the United States, are almost unknown in Liberia. 

- »» e$i. 

Commerce and Productions . 

The commerce of Liberia, as yet in its infancy, is respectable, and in¬ 
creasing annually. The exports are rice, palm oil, ivory, tortoise shell, 
dye wood, gold, hides, wax, and coffee. Coffee and cotton grow spontane¬ 
ously. Indigo and the sugar cane succeed, and will be cultivated to 
advantage. Camwood is abundant, and mahogany grows at the cape. The 
timber of Liberia is various and durable, and well adapted to building. 
The imports consist of an assortment of the productions of Europe, the 
West Indies, and America. The port of Monrovia is seldom clear of Eu¬ 
ropean and American vessels, loading and unloading. 

A trading company has been formed at Monrovia, with a capital of 
81000; and an agreement entered into, that no dividend shall be made 
until the profits increase the capital to 820,000. The stock has risen from 
50 to 75 on transfer shares. 

A colonist, of the name of Waring, has sold goods to the amount of 
870,000, in the year 1830. The sales of Mr. Devany, the sheriff, amounted 
to between 24 and 825,000, in 1830; and his property was worth about 
820,000, made during the seven years in which he has resided in Mon¬ 
rovia. 

“The commerce of the colony during the last year, has greatly exceeded 
that of any former year. Within that period 46 vessels visited the port, of 
which 21 were Americans, and a majority of the remainder English. The 
exports amounted to nearly 90,000 dollars, and the merchandize and pro¬ 
duce on hand, at the close of the year, amounted to about 23,000 dollars.” 


16 


The advantages of Colonization to the Free Coloured People. 

That the free coloured population in this country labour under the most 
oppressive disadvantages, which their freedom can by no means counterbal¬ 
ance, is too obvious to admit of doubt. I waive all enquiry whether this is 
right or wrong. I speak of things as they are—not as they might, or as 
they ought to be. They are cut off from the most remote chance of amal¬ 
gamation with the white population, by feelings or prejudices, call them 
what you will, that are inerradicable. Their situation is more unfavourable 
than that of many slaves. “With all the burdens, cares and responsibilities 
of freedom, they have few or none of its substantial benefits. Their 
associations are, and must be, chiefly with slaves. Their right of suffrage 
gives them little, if any, political influence, and they are practically, if not 
theoretically excluded from representation and weight in our public coun¬ 
cils.” No merit, no services, no talents can ever elevate them to a level 
with the whites. Occasionally, an exception may arise. A coloured indivi¬ 
dual, of great talents, merits, and wealth, may emerge from the crowd. 
Cases of this kind are to the last degree rare. The coloured people are 
subject to legal disabilities, more or less galling and severe, in almost every 
state in the Union. Who has not deeply regretted their late harsh expul¬ 
sion from the State of Ohio, and their being forced to abandon the country 
of their birth, which had profited by their labours, and to take refuge in a 
foreign land ? Severe regulations have been recently passed in Louisiana, 
to prevent the introduction of free people of colour into the state. When¬ 
ever they appear, they are to be banished in sixty days. The strong 
opposition to the establishment of a negro college in Newhaven, speaks 
in a language not to be mistaken, the jealousy with which they are regarded. 
And there is no reason to expect, that the lapse of centuries will make any 
change in this respect. They will, always, unhappily be regarded as an 
inferior race. In some of the states, they are actually doomed to idle¬ 
ness, because, however skilful they may be, in any branch of manufactures, 
white operatives cannot generally be induced to work with them. Such 
being their situation in this country, surely they ought to long as eagerly 
for a settlement in the land of their ancestors, as the captive tribes of Israel 
hungered for a return to the land of Canaan. 

What a contrast to their situation in Liberia! There they will be lords 
of the soil, and have every inducement and every opportunity to cultivate 
their minds. They will not be borne down by that sense of inferiority, 
from whose goadings they cannot escape here, and which is enough to de¬ 
press minds the most highly gifted. According to their respective merits, 
they may aspire to any of the offices of honour and profit and influence, in 
the colony. The bar, and the bench, and the medical profession, will be 
open to them, from which they are debarred here by an impassible barrier. 

Africa before the Irruption of the Barbarians. 

Those who argue, from the present state of the coloured population of 
this country, against the prospect of a high degree of civilization in Africa, 
reason from very imperfect data. Here the coloured people have laboured, 
and still labour, under almost every possible disadvantage. In most of the 
southern states, slaves are debarred from the attainment of the slightest 
rudiments of knowledge. And even in states free from slavery, the coloured 
people have little opportunity of cultivation. Condemned by poverty, almost 
universally, to the lowest occupations, they have neither time nor means to 
improve themselves. But they will not suffer much, on a fair comparison 
with whites of the same grade. The best criterion, however, by which to 


17 


judge, is the progress they have made in Liberia, where they escape the 
degradation to w hich they are exposed here. Of their improvement in morals, 
and manners, and habits, the testimony of Captains Sherman and Nichol¬ 
son, from which I have made slight quotations in the preceding pages, 
precludes all doubt. It may be confidently stated, that few of the Ameri¬ 
can colonies made greater advances in the same space of time than they have 
done in the seven years that have elapsed since the establishment of order 
and good government in 1824. The distance between the Colonists at Li¬ 
beria and the civilized inhabitants of Europe at present, is not so great as 
between the former and the inhabitants of some parts of Europe in olden 
time, when the latter painted their bodies, had no chimneys to their houses, 
lay upon straw on the ground, covered themselves with skins fastened with 
skewers, and were tenants in common with the pigs which partook of the 
hospitality of their houses. 

Africa, though brutalized by wars, the invasions of barbarians, and the 
most grinding despotism, was once on as proud an eminence in point of 
civilization as any part of Europe. Carthage contended for the supremacy 
with Rome for one hundred and twenty years—and, but for domestic fac¬ 
tions, the bane of republics, would probably have subjugated Italy. The 
destruction of the Carthaginian annals by the Romans renders it impossible 
to enumerate any of her great men, except her warriors. Rome never 
produced a greater general than Hannibal. Some of his relations were 
men of great talents in the same department. Jugurtha was superior to 
most of the Romans-who were sent against him. Terence, the dramatist, 
was an African. 

Christianity and civilization were early introduced into Africa. There 
were several provincial councils held there. At one of them, held in Car¬ 
thage, in 397, the canon of the Romnn Catholic Bible was settled. Another 
was held in the same place in 410—and two others at Milevi. In the fifth 
century, the number of Catholic Bishops in Africa, was four hundred. Ori¬ 
gin, Tertullian, Cyprian and Augustine, among the great lights of Christianity 
in their day, were Africans. And it is not too much to expect that future 
Hannibals and Terences and Cyprians and Augustines will arise to defend 
and illuminate that now benighted country. Should such a result take 
place, the merit will belong to the illustrious founders of the Colonization 
Society. 

—®::f)- 

Effects of the Colonization Scheme on the Slave Trade , unf h a slight Sketch 
^ of that Nefarious Traffic . 

Among the striking advantages attending the Colony at Liberia, is the 
check it has given to the slave trade already, and the probable suppression, 
ultimately, of that nefarious traffic on a large portion of the western coast 
oi Africa by the gradual extension of the settlements. Before the establish¬ 
ment of the settlements at Liberia, there were several slave factories within 
a few miles of the place, all of which have been completely broken up. 
Four or five years back, there was not a single factory from Sierra Leone to 
Cape Mount, a distance of 100 miles; and 120 miles, from Cape Mount to 
Trade Town, the whole of the coast of Liberia. More recently, a factory 
has been established at Cape Mount, forty-five miles from Monrovia, where 
the trade is carried on briskly. But it is probable, as soon as the Colony 
gains more strength, this nest of kidnappers and traders in human flesh and 
human suffering, will be extirpated. 

The African chiefs, in the neighborhood of Liberia, have generally voluti- 
C 



18 


tarily abandoned the traffic, finding they can supply themselves with what 
articles they want, of European and West India goods, by the sale of their 
own domestic productions. Some of them have put themselves under the 
protection of the colony. 

To duly appreciate the advantages of this result, it is only necessary to 
reflect for a moment on the horrors of this nefarious traffic; and although it 
has been presented times without number, to the execration of mankind, I 
may be permitted to take a bird’s eye view of it. The number of slaves kid¬ 
napped in 1824, was 120,000. And the number imported into the single 
port of Rio for nine years, 1820—8, has been 264,964. 

126,369 
In 1825, 26,254 

1826, 33,999 

1827, 29,787 

1828, 48,555 

264,964 


[Walsh’s notices of Brazil, voL 1. p. 178. 

It has been ascertained, beyond the possibility of doubt, notwithstand¬ 
ing the efforts of the chief maritime powers ot Europe, and those of the 
United States, to suppress thistraflic, that from the two towns, Muney and 
Pangas, there have been 352 cargoes of slaves taken, in little more than a 
year. 

It has been estimated that one third, but say one fifth, perish in the voyage; 
and that an equal number die after their landing, of diseases contracted on 
the voyage, or of grief for their forlorn situation. This would make an ag¬ 
gregate of above 300,000, doomed to destruction, or interminable slavery, 
for one single port! 

To heighten the enormity of this if sin crying to heaven for vengeance,” 
it is ascertained that in cases of shortness of provision, the slaves are often 
remorselessly thrown overboard. On board a vessel, some time since, thirty 
nine negroes became blind, and twelve had lost an eye. They were thrown 
into the fathomless ocean. A single vessel, the Protector, took on board 
at Mozambique 807 slaves, of whom 339 died on the voyage. 

The Maria Primeira, a Portuguese ship, took on board upwards of 500 
slaves. This number was reduced to 403 in consequence of extreme crowd¬ 
ing, before she was captured, and brought into Sierra Leone. Nearly 100 

more died soon afier, from diseases contracted on board _ Transactions of 

the London African Association. 

The following heart-rending picture of the slave trade has been drawn by 
Sir George O’Meara, who was employed on the coast of Africa, to suppress 
it. “ Such is the merciless treatment of the slaves, that no fancy can picture 
the horrors of the voyage. Crowded together so as not to have the power to 
move-linked one to the other by the leg—never unfettered while life re¬ 
mains, or till the iron shall have fretted the flesh almost to the bone—forced 
under a deck, as I have seen them, not thirty inches in height —breathing an 
atmosphere the most putrid and pestilential possible—with little food and 
less water—subject to the most severe punishment, at the caprice or fancy 
of the brute who may command the vessel—it is to me a matter of extreme 
wonder that any of these miserable wretches live the voyage through. 
Many of them, indeed, perish on the passage, and those of them who remain 
to meet the shore, present a picture of wretchedness language cannot 
■express.” 


In 1820, 15,020 

1821, 24,134 

1822, 27,363 

1823, 20,349 

1824, 39,503 


126,369 





19 


The following graphic sketch of the progress of the society, by Elliot 
Cresson, must afford heartfelt pleasure to all the friends of humanity, and 
in an especial manner to those who have taken an active part in the pro¬ 
motion of this most benevolent project: 

“Nearly 2000 persons have kindled a beacon fire at Monrovia, to cast a broad blaze 
of light into the dark recesses of that benighted land; and, though much pains have been 
taken to overrate the cost, and undervalue the results, yet the annals ot colonization 
may be triumphantly challenged for a parallel. 

“ Five years of preliminary operations were requisite for surveying the coast—propi¬ 
tiating the natives—and selecting the most eligible site. Numerous agents were subse¬ 
quently employed—ships chartered—the coast cleared—schools, factories, hospitals, 
churches, government buildings and dwellings erected—and the many expenses requi¬ 
site here were defrayed;—and yet, for every fifty dollars expended by the society from its 
commencement, we have not only a settler to show, but an ample and fertile territory 
in reserve, where our future emigrants may ( sit down under their own vines and fig trees, 
with none to make them afraid.’ During the last year, an amount, nearly equal to the 
united expenditures, has been exported by the colonists. From Philadelphia alone , 
eleven vessels have sailed; three of them chartered through the efforts of the Pennsylvania 
Society, and bearing to the land of their fathers a large number of slaves, manumitted 
by the benevolence of their late owners.” 

-—- 

The disadvantages to the white population, arising from the existence of 
slavery, are strikingly stated by the Colonization Society of Kentucky: 

“ Experience has taught us, that slaves add nothing to our wealth. Where they ex¬ 
ist, labour is not only high, but badly performed; and the communities growing up 
around us, which are clear of this evil, flourish over us, and by their cheapness of labour, 
nicer mechanism, and more abundaDt industry, are making us tributary. The progress 
of light—the conduct of other nations—and particularly that of our South American 
neighbours, in liberating their slaves—the growing belief of the disadvantages of slave¬ 
ry, with other causes, contribute to increase the conviction that slavery is an evil, and 
that its consequences may one day or other become terrible .” 

To the same effect the Richmond and Manchester Colonization Society 
declares, that, 

“To provide for the free negro a country, is alike the dictate of humanity towards 
him, and of policy towards ourselves. While he remains here, no white labourer will 
seek employment near him. Hence it is, that in some of the richest counties east of 
the Blue Ridge, the white population is stationary, and in many others it is retrograde. 
Virginia, once the first state in numbers, as she is still in territory , has become the third , 
and will soon have to descend to the fourth rank. The valuation of the lands of New York t 
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